The history of an idea: from a "Europe of nations" to federalism

Recommended on-line literature

Accessed, 20.04.2022

Éva Bóka

Althusius, Johannes. Politica. An Abridged Translation of Politics, Methodically Set Forth and Illustrated with Sacred and Profane Examples. Edited and translated, with an introduction by Frederik S. Carney, foreword by Daniel J. Elazar. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund Inc., 1995. Available at Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, Online Library of Liberty, https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/althusius-politica

Aristotle. Politics. A Treatise on Government. Translated by William Ellis, A. M. London and Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., New York, E. P. Dutton & Co.,1928. Available at The Project Gutenberg Ebook, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6762/6762-h/6762-h.htm

Bodin, Jean. On Sovereignty. Four chapters from The Six Books of the Commonwealth. Edited and translated by Julian H. Franklin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Available at Google, https://books.google.fr/books?id=vGRdVXJ4IIMC&pg=PR3&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false

Bodin, Jean. Six Books of the Commonwealth. Abridged and translated by M. J. Tooley. Books 1-6. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1955. Available at Constitution Society, https://constitution.org/2-Authors/bodin/bodin_.htm

Briand, Aristide. Mémorandum sur l’organisation d’un régime d’Union Fédérale Européenne (Memorandum on the Organization of a System of Federal European Union). Paris, 1 Mai 1930. Available at World Digital Library, https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11583/

Brugmans, Henri. The Fundamentals of European Federalism. Address given by Henri Brugmans (Montreux, 27 August 1947). Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/obj/address_given_by_henri_brugmans_montreux_27_to_31_august_1947-en-289952c0-a6b8-4f1e-9f3e-782da1ef8455.html

Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, C 303, 14 December 2007. Accessed March 26, 2022. www.eur-lex.europa.eu , https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2007.303.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:C:2007:303:TOC

Charter of the United Nations, 1945, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter

Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard N. Pan-Europa. Wien: Pan-Europa-Verlag, 1923 Neuauflage 1982. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/PanEuropaCoudenhoveKalergi/mode/2up ; https://ia801301.us.archive.org/13/items/PanEuropaCoudenhoveKalergi/Pan-Europa%20-%20Coudenhove%20Kalergi.pdf

Crucé, Émeric. Le nouveau Cynée (The New Cyneas). Edited with an introduction, and translated into English from the original French text of 1623 by Thomas Willing Balch (English and French bilingual edition). Philadelphia: Allen, Lane and Scott, 1909. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/newcyneasofemeri00cruc/page/n9

Déclaration des Droit de l’Homme et du Citoyen de 1789. Available at Legifrance, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Constitution/Declaration-des-Droits-de-l-Homme-et-du-Citoyen-de-1789 ; and at Conseil Constitutionnel, https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/declaration-des-droits-de-l-homme-et-du-citoyen-de-1789

[In English] Declaration of Human and Civic Rights of 26 August 1789. Conseil Constitutionnel, https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/declaration-of-human-and-civic-rights-of-26-august-1789 ; Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp

Documents on the European Union. Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe/Digital Research in European Studies, University of Luxembourg, www.cvce.eu

Draft Treaty Embodying the Statute of the European Community (1953). Available at www.cvce.eu (Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe/Digital Research in European Studies), University of Luxembourg, https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/4/15/807979a3-4147-427e-86b9-565a0b917d4f/publishable_en.pdf

Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (13 June and 10 July, 2003).” Official Journal of the European Union, No C 169. 18.07.2003. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2003/9/15/a7df0a64-67a9-44f6-a06d-33f08d712539/publishable_en.pdf

Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union (14 February 1984). Bulletin of the European Communities, February 1984. No. 2. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/draft_treaty_establishing_the_european_union_14_february_1984-en-0c1f92e8-db44-4408-b569-c464cc1e73c9.html

Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union (1984). Available at Spinellisfootsteps.info , http://www.spinellisfootsteps.info/treaty/

Fischer, Joschka. “From Confederacy to Federation: Thoughts on the Finality of European Integration.” Speech by Joschka Fischer at the Humboldt University in Berlin, 12 May 2000. Available at European University Institute Website, https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/17255/ResponsesToJ.FISCHER_2000.pdf

General Policy Resolution, 30 August 1947, Montreux, Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/resolution_on_general_policy_montreux_27_31_august_1947-en-0c7f2f03-2bbc-4d3e-9084-a1a6c745a21a.html

Hamilton, Alexander, John Jay, and James Madison. The Federalist Papers. Available at The Project Gutenberg Ebook, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1404/1404-h/1404-h.htm

Jeorges, Christian, Yves Mény, and Joseph H. H. Weiler, eds. What Kind of Constitution for What Kind of Polity? Responses to Joschka Fisher. Florence: The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School, 2000. Available at European University Institute website, https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/17255/ResponsesToJ.FISCHER_2000.pdf

Kant, Immanuel. Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. Translated with introduction and notes by Mary Campbell Smith. M.A., London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917. Available at The Project Gutenberg Ebook, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50922/50922-h/50922-h.htm

Keynes, John Maynard. The End of Laissez-faire. London: Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, 1926. Available on-line: https://www.panarchy.org/keynes/laissezfaire.1926.html

Message to Europeans, The Hague, 10 May 1948. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/message_to_europeans_the_hague_10_may_1948-en-b14649e7-c8b1-46a9-a9a1-cdad800bccc8.html

Monnet, Jean. Memoirs. Translated from the French by Richard Mayne. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1978. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/MonnetJeanMemoirs

Montesquieu. De l’esprit des lois. Deuxième partie, Livres IX à XIII. Genève, Barillot, 1748. Available at Les Classiques des sciences sociales website, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/montesquieu/de_esprit_des_lois/partie_2/esprit_des_lois_Livre_2.pdf

[1777 English edition] Montesquieu. Complete Works. Vol. 1. The Spirit of Laws. London: T. Evans, 1777. Available at The Online Library of Liberty, Liberty Fund, Inc., https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/montesquieu-complete-works-vol-1-the-spirit-of-laws

Naumann, Friedrich. Central Europe. A translation by Christabel M. Meredith from the original German of Mittel-Europa. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1917. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/centraleurope00naumgoog/page/n8

Ortega y Gasset, José. The Revolt of the Masses. New York: W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 1932. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/TheRevoltOfTheMassesJoseOrtegaYGasset/page/n4

Penn, William. An Essay Towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe. Washington, D.C.: The American Peace Society, 1912. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/anessaytowardsp00penngoog/page/n3

Pleven, René. Statement by René Pleven on the establishment of a European army (24 October 1950). Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/803b2430-7d1c-4e7b-9101-47415702fc8e/29a4e81c-c7b6-4622-915e-3b09649747b8/Resources#4a3f4499-daf1-44c1-b313-212b31cad878_en&overlay

Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: the Political and Economic Origins of our Time. Boston: Bacon Press, 1957. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46560/page/n265/mode/2up

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century. Translated by John Beverly Robinson. London: Freedom Press, 1923. Available at Fair-use.org , http://fair-use.org/p-j-proudhon/general-idea-of-the-revolution/
[In French] Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. Idée Générale de la Révolution au XIXe siècle. Paris, Garnier Frères, Libraires, 1851. Available at Wikisource la bibliothèque libre, https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Id%C3%A9e_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_au_dix-neuvi%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle

Rougemont, Denis de, lectures and speeches. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/search?q=denis+de+rougemont

Rougemont, Denis de. L’attitude fédéraliste. Lecture at the Montreux Congress, 27 August 1947. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/lecture_by_denis_de_rougemont_montreux_27_august_1947-en-872de14f-3923-4054-bb65-15979d26ae13.html

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. « Projet de paix perpétuelle & Jugement sur la paix perpétuelle. » In Oeuvres de J. J. Rousseau, Citoyen de Genève, 5-47, 48-62. Paris : Deterville Libraire, 1818. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/OEuvresProjetPaixPerpetuellePolysynodie/page/n9/mode/2up

Saint-Pierre, Charles-Irénée Castel de (Abbé de Saint-Pierre). « Projet de paix perpétuelle pour l’Europe. » In Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre. Projet pour rendre la paix perpétuelle en Europe. Vol. 1. Quatrième discours, 279-391, Utrecht: Antoine Schouten, 1713. www.gallica.bnf.fr , https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k86492n?rk=21459;2

Saint-Pierre, Charles-Irénée Castel de (1713): Projet pour rendre la paix perpétuelle en Europe. Vol. 1-2., Utrecht, Antoine Schouten. Available at BnF Gallica.
Vol. 1, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k86492n?rk=21459;2
Vol. 2. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k864930?rk=42918;4

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de and Augustin Thierry. De la réorganisation de la société européenne ou de la nécessité et des moyens de rassembler les peuples de l'Europe en un seul corps politique, en conservant à chacun son indépendance nationale. Par M. le Comte de Saint-Simon et par A. Thierry, son élève. Paris: Chez Adrien Égron, 1814. Available at BnF Gallica, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k83331f/f4.image.texteImage

Seth, Catronia and Rotraud von Kulessa, eds. The Idea of Europe: Enlightenment Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0123
[French edition] Seth, Catronia et Rotraud von Kulessa, éd. L’idée de l’Europe au Siècle des Lumières. Cambridge, Royaume Uni: Open Book Publishers, 2017. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0116

Spinelli, Altiero and Ernesto Rossi. The Manifesto of Ventotene. The Altiero Spinelli Institute for Federal Studies, Ventotene. Available on-line at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1997/10/13/316aa96c-e7ff-4b9e-b43a-958e96afbecc/publishable_en.pdf

Spinelli, Altiero (Letter, report, thoughts). Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/search?q=Altiero+Spinelli

The Congress of Europe in the Hague, 7-10 May 1948. Documents. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/04bfa990-86bc-402f-a633-11f39c9247c4

The Congress of the Union of European Federalists in Montreux (27 to 31 August 1947). Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/7b137b71-6010-4621-83b4-b0ca06a6b2cb/3f668d4f-d854-4518-8aa1-eb0ec412905a
Resources: https://www.cvce.eu/en/search?q=The+Montreux+Congress%2C+1947

The Constitution of the United States of America. Available at The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/usconst.asp

The Declaration of Independence (1776). Available at The Avalon Project, Yale Law School,  https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp

The 12 points of the Hertenstein Programme, 21 September 1946. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/20ed505d-eedc-4aaf-aca3-d736efaa93e1/Resources#f39329ae-b25a-4b04-90ff-a25ea5c17051_en&overlay

The Schuman Declaration, 9 May 1950. Available at EU website, europa.eu , https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/symbols/europe-day/schuman-declaration_en ; and at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/the_schuman_declaration_paris_9_may_1950-en-9cc6ac38-32f5-4c0a-a337-9a8ae4d5740f.html

Tindemans, Leo. “Report on European Union [by Mr. Leo Tindemans to the Council] (29 December 1975).” Bulletin of the European Communities, 1976, no. Supplement 1. Bruxelles: European Communities, 11-35. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/63f5fca7-54ec-4792-8723-1e626324f9e3/Resources#284c9784-9bd2-472b-b704-ba4bb1f3122d_en&overlay

Tocqueville, Alexis de: Democracy in America. Translated by Henry Reeve. Vol. 1. (of 2). Available at The Project Gutenberg Ebook, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/815/815-h/815-h.htm

Tocqueville, Alexis de. L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1866. Available at BnF Gallica, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k39207q.table
[English edition] Tocqueville, Alexis de. The Old Regime and the Revolution. Translated by John Bonner. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1856. Available at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/oldregimeandrev00tocqgoog/page/n6

Traité instituant la Communauté européenne de défense (Paris, 27 mai 1952) ». Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/803b2430-7d1c-4e7b-9101-47415702fc8e/29a4e81c-c7b6-4622-915e-3b09649747b8/Resources#2af9ea94-7798-4434-867a-36c4a256d0af_en&overlay

Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (Rome, 25 March 1957). Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/treaty_establishing_the_european_economic_community_rome_25_march_1957-en-cca6ba28-0bf3-4ce6-8a76-6b0b3252696e.html

Treaty of Lisbon, 2007.” Official Journal of the European Union, C 306, 17 December 2007. Available at www.eur-lex.europa.eu , https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:TOC

Treaty on European Union (Maastricht, 7 February 1992). Official Journal of the European Communities, 29.07.1992, No C 191. Available at www.cvce.eu , https://www.cvce.eu/obj/treaty_on_european_union_maastricht_7_february_1992-en-2c2f2b85-14bb-4488-9ded-13f3cd04de05.html

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. Available at UN website, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

Vattel, Emer de (1758): Le Droit des Gens. Tome 1. Londres. Available at BnF Gallica, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k865729/f4.image